Q. Is religion is a force for good?
A. It used to be; not anymore.
I have already given my answer. I will try to support it with a set of simple and solid arguments. As an input for my argument, I will rely on my own experience and the little reading I made about religion.
I was brought up a very moderate Christian – my parents are not at all extremists. Then I converted myself into a fanatic believer after joining university. When I came to Holland 4 years ago, I was shocked by the realization that such a just and affluent society could function seamlessly without any support from religion. That was a very difficult time for me because I had to accept that people can live a happy life without religion, and thus by extension I might not need religion as well.
For almost two years afterwards, I came to believe that religion was a stupid game idle people play when they want to forget their problems. Since there are more problems in poorer countries, I found it unsurprising that the most religions countries in the world are the poorest. Later I developed what I believe is a better understanding of religion and its significance in people’s lives. I learned that religion has had its time. For Europeans, religion used to be important a few generations ago. For me, religion used to be very useful while I lived in Ethiopia, and perhaps it is still important for some people in other parts of the world. My simple point is that, religion used to be important, but that is not the case anymore in a modern society.
Perhaps I should start my argument by defining the purpose of religion as I see it. What is so important about religion that much of mankind has been religious in one form or another throughout much of history? Why are almost all societies before modern era used to be religious? What do they get from it?
Why societies are (used to be) religious
I see two essential purposes for religion in society. One is a more individualized role of giving meaning and inspiration to people’s lives. The second role of religion is a more collectivist role of serving as a kind of constitution, or a code of conduct, so to say, among individuals to be able to build a harmonious society.
1) Giving meaning and inspiration to life
Religion, like philosophy, answers very key questions for individuals thereby giving meaning to their lives. Religion sets the core of people’s lives by defining what they are, and how they relate with God and other people. Specifically, religion answers a number of important questions as follows.
Who am I? I am a worthy creation of God. What am I doing? I am here for a purpose of having eternal life, and I will not live and die in vein. What is God and how am I related to him? God is omnibenevolent (infinitely kind), omnipotent (all powerful), omniscient (all knowing), and omnipresence (ever present). Who are people around me? They are worthy creatures of God, my brothers, and I should love them like I love myself.
It is also noteworthy that religion has had a very important role of inspiring people towards being good and doing good for others, towards peace, love and harmony. Most religious leaders, from the Buddha, to Moses, from Jesus Christ to Mohammed, are admired for their integrity and for their ability to inspire people. The Buddha came as a teacher of enlightenment and a bringer of end to suffering; Moses came as a liberator from the tyranny of the Pharaohs; Jesus as a liberator from sin and death; Mohammed as a deliverer of Allah’s “greatest law” that promises the salvation of mankind. Almost all religions at least initially set out by promoting and teaching inspiring and universal principles of equality and fairness, peace, togetherness, and love.
2) Religion as a code of conduct
Thousands and thousand years ago, when people did not at all have any notion of a constitution or a civil code, sacred religious texts were the means by which nations were run and justice was delivered. Can anyone imagine the Israeli kingdom of Solomon without the books of Moses? Or is it possible to imagine any of the Islamic empires without the Quran? How would medieval era European empires be functioning without the Bible? Whether or not these sacred texts were democratic as constitutions or fair as civil codes is another question. But at some point in time, they had this role to play.
Besides offering the rules of the game by which nations were built and run, religion also played more the role of providing a code of conduct in smaller societies. A very straightforward and common example for this is the case of adultery. Almost all religions consider adultery a very serious sin. I might have difficulty to back this conclusion with solid evidence, but I believe adultery is considered such a serious sin mostly because it is the most palpable cause of social instability if it is left totally unregulated.
Why religion is not relevant in modern societies
To show why religion is not relevant for modern societies, I will simply point out how religion cannot anymore serve the aforementioned two purposes in the present day.
1) Religion as a follower instead of a forerunner of social change
Previously, I argued that one of the roles of religion was to serve as source of meaning to one’s life and as an inspiration. I believe religion has already outlived its life in that aspect.
Imagine the year 30 AD. I know it is difficult to imagine anything about life 2000 years ago, so I will give you a few examples. At that time, people could conquer people, kill all those they disliked, and make all the rest their servants. That was why Palestine, though a land of the Palestinians and Israelites, was ruled by the Romans. That was the time when people were ruled by the iron fist, and when there was no justice and no laws to enforce it. Even when the are some laws, they were unjust and protected the strong instead of the weak. The rules of Moses of that time read as follows: ‘Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.’ If your enemy takes off your eye, you are justified to take off his eyes.
It was during that era that an ordinary man called Jesus Christ, who grew up learning exactly the same rules, stood up to speak against them. He argued that the rules are misunderstood and misused. Instead, he advised “Do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.” In a society where the winner could take all, such an advice was simply revolutionary. People who believed in Jesus Christ at that time could see a different world. They were set free. Possibly, people may not need this advice today, or at least they don’t need to be taught such a law in a church. But in 30 AD, that was the most revolutionary idea that changed the world.
Just to remind you of what it really used to be like at the time of Jesus: try to imagine what used to be the pastime of the kings and other elites in that dark era. They used to confront trained wild beasts with human beings. Watching a human being torn apart by lions used to be fun for them. Jesus Christ, as many other religious leaders before and after him, had to change that kind of society. Do we need Jesus today? Perhaps as individuals. But not as society. Today, we have a society that prohibits dog-fighting let alone training gladiators.
And I should add, religion saved many people from abject slavery, and mostly from another religions. Many Hindus in modern India still believe in the caste system. The low cast Hindus used to live a life of real slavery. Islam was a savior for man of these people. For them, Islam meant freedom. I remember what an Indian friend of mine told me about one experience. He saw baskets hanging around the fence of a high-caste person, and he asked what they were. He was shocked when he was told that they were for putting food for beggars. When a beggar, who is almost surely a low-caste person, comes to ask for food, the high-caste person puts the food in the basket and disappears. What shocked my friend was the reason why the high-caste person would not want to see the beggar. He wants to avoid being ‘polluted’ by touching or even seeing the beggar. Islam set these people free from centuries of injustice and descrimination. Throughout history, religion has been revolutionary and a means of pushing human freedom farther. Then again, in the modern day, one doesn’t need to be a Muslim to believe that the caste-system is a fake means people created to justify their atrocities.
I believe religion used to be a tool of change, inspiration and a pulling factor in the growth of human consciousness. It is not any more. Society has gone ahead of much of the causes religion used to stand for. For that matter, religion today is much more regressive than forerunning in promoting social consciousness in many aspects. Present day society, for example, is concerned about animal rights about which most religions say nothing.
2) Religion as a code of conduct.
This is perhaps a simple observation, so I shouldn’t spend many words to get my point through. We live in an era where states are not means for the few elites to subjugate the masses. However imperfect they may be, modern states are led by citizens chosen by the people to serve the people. We live in an institutionalized society. The practical day-to-day importance of religion to serve as some form of code of conduct is thus dead as a dodo in modern-day society.
3) Exclusivity of religion
There is one very important factor why religion as it used to be in the past cannot serve a larger social role in present day society. I call this big problem of religion ‘the problem of exclusivity.’
Have you noted that a huge number of people living close by usually tend to have the same religion? You can take the case of Indonesia, the world's largest Muslim country, where two hundred million people are all Muslims, or India where close to a billion people are all Hindus, or China, where again until recently around a billion people used to be Buddhists, or Europe where virtually everyone is (used to be) a Christian.
Most traditional religions need exclusive adherence, and so they are not pluralistic. They are closed, and do not allow any open interpretation. They don’t accept and accommodate and compromise. They tend to reject, suffocate or dominate. Most religious people believe their way is the only one. There is no wonder that, given this characteristics of religions, all people, even as many as a billion, living in one country had to conform and adapt and have the same religion. The other option would be social exclusion which could be disastrous in a traditional society.
Okay, can such religions survive in the modern era? The answer is no, because modern day society is diverse and mixed. What I mean by diverse is that people with different backgrounds, beliefs and opinions, who originally used to live in different corners of the world, are living together. Or even simply, modern day society is populated by so much independent individuals that it is hardly possible to get all this conformity from them. The only principles that can properly function in a diverse and individualistic society are pluralistic and tolerant principles. Exclusive principles such as those promoted by religions are doomed to fail in such a society. Doomed to fail in two senses. Firstly, they cannot answer the questions of the individualistic believer to begin with. Simply, the one-size-fits-all approach of religion can not give inspiration and meaning to a modern day man who is more educated, informed and exposed to different ideas and is open to accept learn from them. In the second place, even if we assume that such an institution gets some support, it is sure to lead to social tension. If I could really believe that my way is the only way and if I feel justified to feel the other is wrong, I am sure to try to correct it. One way or another, that will giver rise to social tension.
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I started by writing about my personal experience so I want to wind up with developments that happened to me. My first two years of living in Europe were very difficult years. I lost all the values I carried dearly, and I almost fell into a precipice. It sounds funny; but I was saved by a book. Since a very young age, I have always loved reading books, and I have always sought a higher purpose in life. Then I came across this transformative book about having a higher purpose in life: a match made in heaven. I could never have imagined that one book could turn my life back like that.
The book is called “A Power of Now” and was written by Eckhart Tolle. Looking back, what the book gave me was a new set of tools to look into my own personal problems, most of which came from my difficult upbringing. What is more, the book held a hope and promise of salvation. It was from this book I came to understand that religion is only a means of inspiration for finding purpose in your life, and nothing more. Finding purpose in life starts by solving your day to day problems, and then extends to contributing to society, and perhaps goes even beyond that.
After the Power of Now, I came across an even more amazing book called A Course in Miracles. This mysterious book provides a dramatically radical and esoteric version of Christianity which has many elements in common with Buddhism and different schools of philosophy. I learned that most religions start with a grand idea of leading to salvation and liberation, but get captured by special interests and end up with so many lyres of irrelevant material that it is usually difficult to sort out the useful from the useless.
In short, life is a journey each of us must travel. We might need to draw help and inspiration from different sources, from religion to science. Some may be born with the knowledge of their purpose in life; and some might never dare or get the time to ask about it. But for those who ask, I think increasingly fewer people will get the answer from religion. Instead, I expect an era of more individualistic spirituality whereby each person tries to learning and understand his own purpose in life. I think the one-size-fits all approach of religion will be more and more at odds with the values of present day society. I expect more and more people will want to distance themselves from religions which try to stigmatize or make guilty people travelling their own journeys. I believe an era of freedom is ahead of us. It is just that one more chain has to fall away.
http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/591
